OMOP/inst/ddl/5.3/pdw/OMOPCDM_pdw_5.3_ddl.sql

--pdw CDM DDL Specification for OMOP Common Data Model 5.3
--HINT DISTRIBUTE ON KEY (person_id)
IF XACT_STATE() = 1 COMMIT; CREATE TABLE @cdmDatabaseSchema.person  ( person_id integer NOT NULL,
			gender_concept_id integer NOT NULL,
			year_of_birth integer NOT NULL,
			month_of_birth integer NULL,
			day_of_birth integer NULL,
			birth_datetime datetime NULL,
			race_concept_id integer NOT NULL,
			ethnicity_concept_id integer NOT NULL,
			location_id integer NULL,
			provider_id integer NULL,
			care_site_id integer NULL,
			person_source_value varchar(50) NULL,
			gender_source_value varchar(50) NULL,
			gender_source_concept_id integer NULL,
			race_source_value varchar(50) NULL,
			race_source_concept_id integer NULL,
			ethnicity_source_value varchar(50) NULL,
			ethnicity_source_concept_id integer NULL )
WITH (DISTRIBUTION = HASH(person_id));
--HINT DISTRIBUTE ON KEY (person_id)
IF XACT_STATE() = 1 COMMIT; CREATE TABLE @cdmDatabaseSchema.observation_period  (observation_period_id integer NOT NULL,
			 person_id integer NOT NULL,
			observation_period_start_date date NOT NULL,
			observation_period_end_date date NOT NULL,
			period_type_concept_id integer NOT NULL )
WITH (DISTRIBUTION = HASH(person_id));
--HINT DISTRIBUTE ON KEY (person_id)
IF XACT_STATE() = 1 COMMIT; CREATE TABLE @cdmDatabaseSchema.visit_occurrence  (visit_occurrence_id integer NOT NULL,
			 person_id integer NOT NULL,
			visit_concept_id integer NOT NULL,
			visit_start_date date NOT NULL,
			visit_start_datetime datetime NULL,
			visit_end_date date NOT NULL,
			visit_end_datetime datetime NULL,
			visit_type_concept_id Integer NOT NULL,
			provider_id integer NULL,
			care_site_id integer NULL,
			visit_source_value varchar(50) NULL,
			visit_source_concept_id integer NULL,
			admitting_source_concept_id integer NULL,
			admitting_source_value varchar(50) NULL,
			discharge_to_concept_id integer NULL,
			discharge_to_source_value varchar(50) NULL,
			preceding_visit_occurrence_id integer NULL )
WITH (DISTRIBUTION = HASH(person_id));
--HINT DISTRIBUTE ON KEY (person_id)
IF XACT_STATE() = 1 COMMIT; CREATE TABLE @cdmDatabaseSchema.visit_detail  (visit_detail_id integer NOT NULL,
			 person_id integer NOT NULL,
			visit_detail_concept_id integer NOT NULL,
			visit_detail_start_date date NOT NULL,
			visit_detail_start_datetime datetime NULL,
			visit_detail_end_date date NOT NULL,
			visit_detail_end_datetime datetime NULL,
			visit_detail_type_concept_id integer NOT NULL,
			provider_id integer NULL,
			care_site_id integer NULL,
			visit_detail_source_value varchar(50) NULL,
			visit_detail_source_concept_id Integer NULL,
			admitting_source_value Varchar(50) NULL,
			admitting_source_concept_id Integer NULL,
			discharge_to_source_value Varchar(50) NULL,
			discharge_to_concept_id integer NULL,
			preceding_visit_detail_id integer NULL,
			visit_detail_parent_id integer NULL,
			visit_occurrence_id integer NOT NULL )
WITH (DISTRIBUTION = HASH(person_id));
--HINT DISTRIBUTE ON KEY (person_id)
IF XACT_STATE() = 1 COMMIT; CREATE TABLE @cdmDatabaseSchema.condition_occurrence  (condition_occurrence_id integer NOT NULL,
			 person_id integer NOT NULL,
			condition_concept_id integer NOT NULL,
			condition_start_date date NOT NULL,
			condition_start_datetime datetime NULL,
			condition_end_date date NULL,
			condition_end_datetime datetime NULL,
			condition_type_concept_id integer NOT NULL,
			condition_status_concept_id integer NULL,
			stop_reason varchar(20) NULL,
			provider_id integer NULL,
			visit_occurrence_id integer NULL,
			visit_detail_id integer NULL,
			condition_source_value varchar(50) NULL,
			condition_source_concept_id integer NULL,
			condition_status_source_value varchar(50) NULL )
WITH (DISTRIBUTION = HASH(person_id));
--HINT DISTRIBUTE ON KEY (person_id)
IF XACT_STATE() = 1 COMMIT; CREATE TABLE @cdmDatabaseSchema.drug_exposure  (drug_exposure_id integer NOT NULL,
			 person_id integer NOT NULL,
			drug_concept_id integer NOT NULL,
			drug_exposure_start_date date NOT NULL,
			drug_exposure_start_datetime datetime NULL,
			drug_exposure_end_date date NOT NULL,
			drug_exposure_end_datetime datetime NULL,
			verbatim_end_date date NULL,
			drug_type_concept_id integer NOT NULL,
			stop_reason varchar(20) NULL,
			refills integer NULL,
			quantity float NULL,
			days_supply integer NULL,
			sig VARCHAR(1000) NULL,
			route_concept_id integer NULL,
			lot_number varchar(50) NULL,
			provider_id integer NULL,
			visit_occurrence_id integer NULL,
			visit_detail_id integer NULL,
			drug_source_value varchar(50) NULL,
			drug_source_concept_id integer NULL,
			route_source_value varchar(50) NULL,
			dose_unit_source_value varchar(50) NULL )
WITH (DISTRIBUTION = HASH(person_id));
--HINT DISTRIBUTE ON KEY (person_id)
IF XACT_STATE() = 1 COMMIT; CREATE TABLE @cdmDatabaseSchema.procedure_occurrence  (procedure_occurrence_id integer NOT NULL,
			 person_id integer NOT NULL,
			procedure_concept_id integer NOT NULL,
			procedure_date date NOT NULL,
			procedure_datetime datetime NULL,
			procedure_type_concept_id integer NOT NULL,
			modifier_concept_id integer NULL,
			quantity integer NULL,
			provider_id integer NULL,
			visit_occurrence_id integer NULL,
			visit_detail_id integer NULL,
			procedure_source_value varchar(50) NULL,
			procedure_source_concept_id integer NULL,
			modifier_source_value varchar(50) NULL )
WITH (DISTRIBUTION = HASH(person_id));
--HINT DISTRIBUTE ON KEY (person_id)
IF XACT_STATE() = 1 COMMIT; CREATE TABLE @cdmDatabaseSchema.device_exposure  (device_exposure_id integer NOT NULL,
			 person_id integer NOT NULL,
			device_concept_id integer NOT NULL,
			device_exposure_start_date date NOT NULL,
			device_exposure_start_datetime datetime NULL,
			device_exposure_end_date date NULL,
			device_exposure_end_datetime datetime NULL,
			device_type_concept_id integer NOT NULL,
			unique_device_id varchar(50) NULL,
			quantity integer NULL,
			provider_id integer NULL,
			visit_occurrence_id integer NULL,
			visit_detail_id integer NULL,
			device_source_value varchar(50) NULL,
			device_source_concept_id integer NULL )
WITH (DISTRIBUTION = HASH(person_id));
--HINT DISTRIBUTE ON KEY (person_id)
IF XACT_STATE() = 1 COMMIT; CREATE TABLE @cdmDatabaseSchema.measurement  (measurement_id integer NOT NULL,
			 person_id integer NOT NULL,
			measurement_concept_id integer NOT NULL,
			measurement_date date NOT NULL,
			measurement_datetime datetime NULL,
			measurement_time varchar(10) NULL,
			measurement_type_concept_id integer NOT NULL,
			operator_concept_id integer NULL,
			value_as_number float NULL,
			value_as_concept_id integer NULL,
			unit_concept_id integer NULL,
			range_low float NULL,
			range_high float NULL,
			provider_id integer NULL,
			visit_occurrence_id integer NULL,
			visit_detail_id integer NULL,
			measurement_source_value varchar(50) NULL,
			measurement_source_concept_id integer NULL,
			unit_source_value varchar(50) NULL,
			value_source_value varchar(50) NULL )
WITH (DISTRIBUTION = HASH(person_id));
--HINT DISTRIBUTE ON KEY (person_id)
IF XACT_STATE() = 1 COMMIT; CREATE TABLE @cdmDatabaseSchema.observation  (observation_id integer NOT NULL,
			 person_id integer NOT NULL,
			observation_concept_id integer NOT NULL,
			observation_date date NOT NULL,
			observation_datetime datetime NULL,
			observation_type_concept_id integer NOT NULL,
			value_as_number float NULL,
			value_as_string varchar(60) NULL,
			value_as_concept_id Integer NULL,
			qualifier_concept_id integer NULL,
			unit_concept_id integer NULL,
			provider_id integer NULL,
			visit_occurrence_id integer NULL,
			visit_detail_id integer NULL,
			observation_source_value varchar(50) NULL,
			observation_source_concept_id integer NULL,
			unit_source_value varchar(50) NULL,
			qualifier_source_value varchar(50) NULL )
WITH (DISTRIBUTION = HASH(person_id));
--HINT DISTRIBUTE ON KEY (person_id)
IF XACT_STATE() = 1 COMMIT; CREATE TABLE @cdmDatabaseSchema.death  ( person_id integer NOT NULL,
			death_date date NOT NULL,
			death_datetime datetime NULL,
			death_type_concept_id integer NULL,
			cause_concept_id integer NULL,
			cause_source_value varchar(50) NULL,
			cause_source_concept_id integer NULL )
WITH (DISTRIBUTION = HASH(person_id));
--HINT DISTRIBUTE ON KEY (person_id)
IF XACT_STATE() = 1 COMMIT; CREATE TABLE @cdmDatabaseSchema.note  (note_id integer NOT NULL,
			 person_id integer NOT NULL,
			note_date date NOT NULL,
			note_datetime datetime NULL,
			note_type_concept_id integer NOT NULL,
			note_class_concept_id integer NOT NULL,
			note_title varchar(250) NULL,
			note_text VARCHAR(1000) NOT NULL,
			encoding_concept_id integer NOT NULL,
			language_concept_id integer NOT NULL,
			provider_id integer NULL,
			visit_occurrence_id integer NULL,
			visit_detail_id integer NULL,
			note_source_value varchar(50) NULL )
WITH (DISTRIBUTION = HASH(person_id));
--HINT DISTRIBUTE ON RANDOM
IF XACT_STATE() = 1 COMMIT; CREATE TABLE @cdmDatabaseSchema.note_nlp  (note_nlp_id integer NOT NULL,
			note_id integer NOT NULL,
			section_concept_id integer NULL,
			snippet varchar(250) NULL,
			"offset" varchar(50) NULL,
			lexical_variant varchar(250) NOT NULL,
			note_nlp_concept_id integer NULL,
			note_nlp_source_concept_id integer NULL,
			nlp_system varchar(250) NULL,
			nlp_date date NOT NULL,
			nlp_datetime datetime NULL,
			term_exists varchar(1) NULL,
			term_temporal varchar(50) NULL,
			term_modifiers varchar(2000) NULL )
WITH (DISTRIBUTION = REPLICATE);
--HINT DISTRIBUTE ON KEY (person_id)
IF XACT_STATE() = 1 COMMIT; CREATE TABLE @cdmDatabaseSchema.specimen  (specimen_id integer NOT NULL,
			 person_id integer NOT NULL,
			specimen_concept_id integer NOT NULL,
			specimen_type_concept_id integer NOT NULL,
			specimen_date date NOT NULL,
			specimen_datetime datetime NULL,
			quantity float NULL,
			unit_concept_id integer NULL,
			anatomic_site_concept_id integer NULL,
			disease_status_concept_id integer NULL,
			specimen_source_id varchar(50) NULL,
			specimen_source_value varchar(50) NULL,
			unit_source_value varchar(50) NULL,
			anatomic_site_source_value varchar(50) NULL,
			disease_status_source_value varchar(50) NULL )
WITH (DISTRIBUTION = HASH(person_id));
--HINT DISTRIBUTE ON RANDOM
IF XACT_STATE() = 1 COMMIT; CREATE TABLE @cdmDatabaseSchema.fact_relationship  (domain_concept_id_1 integer NOT NULL,
			fact_id_1 integer NOT NULL,
			domain_concept_id_2 integer NOT NULL,
			fact_id_2 integer NOT NULL,
			relationship_concept_id integer NOT NULL )
WITH (DISTRIBUTION = REPLICATE);
--HINT DISTRIBUTE ON RANDOM
IF XACT_STATE() = 1 COMMIT; CREATE TABLE @cdmDatabaseSchema.location  (location_id integer NOT NULL,
			address_1 varchar(50) NULL,
			address_2 varchar(50) NULL,
			city varchar(50) NULL,
			state varchar(2) NULL,
			zip varchar(9) NULL,
			county varchar(20) NULL,
			location_source_value varchar(50) NULL )
WITH (DISTRIBUTION = REPLICATE);
--HINT DISTRIBUTE ON RANDOM
IF XACT_STATE() = 1 COMMIT; CREATE TABLE @cdmDatabaseSchema.care_site  (care_site_id integer NOT NULL,
			care_site_name varchar(255) NULL,
			place_of_service_concept_id integer NULL,
			location_id integer NULL,
			care_site_source_value varchar(50) NULL,
			place_of_service_source_value varchar(50) NULL )
WITH (DISTRIBUTION = REPLICATE);
--HINT DISTRIBUTE ON RANDOM
IF XACT_STATE() = 1 COMMIT; CREATE TABLE @cdmDatabaseSchema.provider  (provider_id integer NOT NULL,
			provider_name varchar(255) NULL,
			npi varchar(20) NULL,
			dea varchar(20) NULL,
			specialty_concept_id integer NULL,
			care_site_id integer NULL,
			year_of_birth integer NULL,
			gender_concept_id integer NULL,
			provider_source_value varchar(50) NULL,
			specialty_source_value varchar(50) NULL,
			specialty_source_concept_id integer NULL,
			gender_source_value varchar(50) NULL,
			gender_source_concept_id integer NULL )
WITH (DISTRIBUTION = REPLICATE);
--HINT DISTRIBUTE ON KEY (person_id)
IF XACT_STATE() = 1 COMMIT; CREATE TABLE @cdmDatabaseSchema.payer_plan_period  (payer_plan_period_id integer NOT NULL,
			 person_id integer NOT NULL,
			payer_plan_period_start_date date NOT NULL,
			payer_plan_period_end_date date NOT NULL,
			payer_concept_id integer NULL,
			payer_source_value varchar(50) NULL,
			payer_source_concept_id integer NULL,
			plan_concept_id integer NULL,
			plan_source_value varchar(50) NULL,
			plan_source_concept_id integer NULL,
			sponsor_concept_id integer NULL,
			sponsor_source_value varchar(50) NULL,
			sponsor_source_concept_id integer NULL,
			family_source_value varchar(50) NULL,
			stop_reason_concept_id integer NULL,
			stop_reason_source_value varchar(50) NULL,
			stop_reason_source_concept_id integer NULL )
WITH (DISTRIBUTION = HASH(person_id));
--HINT DISTRIBUTE ON RANDOM
IF XACT_STATE() = 1 COMMIT; CREATE TABLE @cdmDatabaseSchema.cost  (cost_id integer NOT NULL,
			cost_event_id integer NOT NULL,
			cost_domain_id varchar(20) NOT NULL,
			cost_type_concept_id integer NOT NULL,
			currency_concept_id integer NULL,
			total_charge float NULL,
			total_cost float NULL,
			total_paid float NULL,
			paid_by_payer float NULL,
			paid_by_patient float NULL,
			paid_patient_copay float NULL,
			paid_patient_coinsurance float NULL,
			paid_patient_deductible float NULL,
			paid_by_primary float NULL,
			paid_ingredient_cost float NULL,
			paid_dispensing_fee float NULL,
			payer_plan_period_id integer NULL,
			amount_allowed float NULL,
			revenue_code_concept_id integer NULL,
			revenue_code_source_value varchar(50) NULL,
			drg_concept_id integer NULL,
			drg_source_value varchar(3) NULL )
WITH (DISTRIBUTION = REPLICATE);
--HINT DISTRIBUTE ON KEY (person_id)
IF XACT_STATE() = 1 COMMIT; CREATE TABLE @cdmDatabaseSchema.drug_era  (drug_era_id integer NOT NULL,
			 person_id integer NOT NULL,
			drug_concept_id integer NOT NULL,
			drug_era_start_date date NOT NULL,
			drug_era_end_date date NOT NULL,
			drug_exposure_count integer NULL,
			gap_days integer NULL )
WITH (DISTRIBUTION = HASH(person_id));
--HINT DISTRIBUTE ON KEY (person_id)
IF XACT_STATE() = 1 COMMIT; CREATE TABLE @cdmDatabaseSchema.dose_era  (dose_era_id integer NOT NULL,
			 person_id integer NOT NULL,
			drug_concept_id integer NOT NULL,
			unit_concept_id integer NOT NULL,
			dose_value float NOT NULL,
			dose_era_start_date date NOT NULL,
			dose_era_end_date date NOT NULL )
WITH (DISTRIBUTION = HASH(person_id));
--HINT DISTRIBUTE ON KEY (person_id)
IF XACT_STATE() = 1 COMMIT; CREATE TABLE @cdmDatabaseSchema.condition_era  (condition_era_id integer NOT NULL,
			 person_id integer NOT NULL,
			condition_concept_id integer NOT NULL,
			condition_era_start_date date NOT NULL,
			condition_era_end_date date NOT NULL,
			condition_occurrence_count integer NULL )
WITH (DISTRIBUTION = HASH(person_id));
--HINT DISTRIBUTE ON RANDOM
IF XACT_STATE() = 1 COMMIT; CREATE TABLE @cdmDatabaseSchema.metadata  (metadata_concept_id integer NOT NULL,
			metadata_type_concept_id integer NOT NULL,
			name varchar(250) NOT NULL,
			value_as_string varchar(250) NULL,
			value_as_concept_id integer NULL,
			metadata_date date NULL,
			metadata_datetime datetime NULL )
WITH (DISTRIBUTION = REPLICATE);
--HINT DISTRIBUTE ON RANDOM
IF XACT_STATE() = 1 COMMIT; CREATE TABLE @cdmDatabaseSchema.cdm_source  (cdm_source_name varchar(255) NOT NULL,
			cdm_source_abbreviation varchar(25) NULL,
			cdm_holder varchar(255) NULL,
			source_description VARCHAR(1000) NULL,
			source_documentation_reference varchar(255) NULL,
			cdm_etl_reference varchar(255) NULL,
			source_release_date date NULL,
			cdm_release_date date NULL,
			cdm_version varchar(10) NULL,
			vocabulary_version varchar(20) NULL )
WITH (DISTRIBUTION = REPLICATE);
--HINT DISTRIBUTE ON RANDOM
IF XACT_STATE() = 1 COMMIT; CREATE TABLE @cdmDatabaseSchema.concept  (concept_id integer NOT NULL,
			concept_name varchar(255) NOT NULL,
			domain_id varchar(20) NOT NULL,
			vocabulary_id varchar(20) NOT NULL,
			concept_class_id varchar(20) NOT NULL,
			standard_concept varchar(1) NULL,
			concept_code varchar(50) NOT NULL,
			valid_start_date date NOT NULL,
			valid_end_date date NOT NULL,
			invalid_reason varchar(1) NULL )
WITH (DISTRIBUTION = REPLICATE);
--HINT DISTRIBUTE ON RANDOM
IF XACT_STATE() = 1 COMMIT; CREATE TABLE @cdmDatabaseSchema.vocabulary  (vocabulary_id varchar(20) NOT NULL,
			vocabulary_name varchar(255) NOT NULL,
			vocabulary_reference varchar(255) NOT NULL,
			vocabulary_version varchar(255) NULL,
			vocabulary_concept_id integer NOT NULL )
WITH (DISTRIBUTION = REPLICATE);
--HINT DISTRIBUTE ON RANDOM
IF XACT_STATE() = 1 COMMIT; CREATE TABLE @cdmDatabaseSchema.domain  (domain_id varchar(20) NOT NULL,
			domain_name varchar(255) NOT NULL,
			domain_concept_id integer NOT NULL )
WITH (DISTRIBUTION = REPLICATE);
--HINT DISTRIBUTE ON RANDOM
IF XACT_STATE() = 1 COMMIT; CREATE TABLE @cdmDatabaseSchema.concept_class  (concept_class_id varchar(20) NOT NULL,
			concept_class_name varchar(255) NOT NULL,
			concept_class_concept_id integer NOT NULL )
WITH (DISTRIBUTION = REPLICATE);
--HINT DISTRIBUTE ON RANDOM
IF XACT_STATE() = 1 COMMIT; CREATE TABLE @cdmDatabaseSchema.concept_relationship  (concept_id_1 integer NOT NULL,
			concept_id_2 integer NOT NULL,
			relationship_id varchar(20) NOT NULL,
			valid_start_date date NOT NULL,
			valid_end_date date NOT NULL,
			invalid_reason varchar(1) NULL )
WITH (DISTRIBUTION = REPLICATE);
--HINT DISTRIBUTE ON RANDOM
IF XACT_STATE() = 1 COMMIT; CREATE TABLE @cdmDatabaseSchema.relationship  (relationship_id varchar(20) NOT NULL,
			relationship_name varchar(255) NOT NULL,
			is_hierarchical varchar(1) NOT NULL,
			defines_ancestry varchar(1) NOT NULL,
			reverse_relationship_id varchar(20) NOT NULL,
			relationship_concept_id integer NOT NULL )
WITH (DISTRIBUTION = REPLICATE);
--HINT DISTRIBUTE ON RANDOM
IF XACT_STATE() = 1 COMMIT; CREATE TABLE @cdmDatabaseSchema.concept_synonym  (concept_id integer NOT NULL,
			concept_synonym_name varchar(1000) NOT NULL,
			language_concept_id integer NOT NULL )
WITH (DISTRIBUTION = REPLICATE);
--HINT DISTRIBUTE ON RANDOM
IF XACT_STATE() = 1 COMMIT; CREATE TABLE @cdmDatabaseSchema.concept_ancestor  (ancestor_concept_id integer NOT NULL,
			descendant_concept_id integer NOT NULL,
			min_levels_of_separation integer NOT NULL,
			max_levels_of_separation integer NOT NULL )
WITH (DISTRIBUTION = REPLICATE);
--HINT DISTRIBUTE ON RANDOM
IF XACT_STATE() = 1 COMMIT; CREATE TABLE @cdmDatabaseSchema.source_to_concept_map  (source_code varchar(50) NOT NULL,
			source_concept_id integer NOT NULL,
			source_vocabulary_id varchar(20) NOT NULL,
			source_code_description varchar(255) NULL,
			target_concept_id integer NOT NULL,
			target_vocabulary_id varchar(20) NOT NULL,
			valid_start_date date NOT NULL,
			valid_end_date date NOT NULL,
			invalid_reason varchar(1) NULL )
WITH (DISTRIBUTION = REPLICATE);
--HINT DISTRIBUTE ON RANDOM
IF XACT_STATE() = 1 COMMIT; CREATE TABLE @cdmDatabaseSchema.drug_strength  (drug_concept_id integer NOT NULL,
			ingredient_concept_id integer NOT NULL,
			amount_value float NULL,
			amount_unit_concept_id integer NULL,
			numerator_value float NULL,
			numerator_unit_concept_id integer NULL,
			denominator_value float NULL,
			denominator_unit_concept_id integer NULL,
			box_size integer NULL,
			valid_start_date date NOT NULL,
			valid_end_date date NOT NULL,
			invalid_reason varchar(1) NULL )
WITH (DISTRIBUTION = REPLICATE);
--HINT DISTRIBUTE ON RANDOM
IF XACT_STATE() = 1 COMMIT; CREATE TABLE @cdmDatabaseSchema.cohort_definition  (cohort_definition_id integer NOT NULL,
			cohort_definition_name varchar(255) NOT NULL,
			cohort_definition_description VARCHAR(1000) NULL,
			definition_type_concept_id integer NOT NULL,
			cohort_definition_syntax VARCHAR(1000) NULL,
			subject_concept_id integer NOT NULL,
			cohort_initiation_date date NULL )
WITH (DISTRIBUTION = REPLICATE);
--HINT DISTRIBUTE ON RANDOM
IF XACT_STATE() = 1 COMMIT; CREATE TABLE @cdmDatabaseSchema.attribute_definition  (attribute_definition_id integer NOT NULL,
			attribute_name varchar(255) NOT NULL,
			attribute_description VARCHAR(1000) NULL,
			attribute_type_concept_id integer NOT NULL,
			attribute_syntax VARCHAR(1000) NULL )
WITH (DISTRIBUTION = REPLICATE);